Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), one of the most severe complications of sepsis, presents with diverse clinical symptoms and involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms, making its early diagnosis and targeted treatment challenging. Its pathogenesis primarily arises from inflammation-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier, aberrant activation and dysfunction of cells, and disturbances in neurotransmitter transmission. Leveraging these pathological insights, integrating biomarkers with existing diagnostic modalities, and targeting core mechanisms hold promise for achieving precise diagnosis and treatment of SAE.

This handbook comprises four chapters: Preprocessing Single-Subject Data, Basic Python Data Operations, Multiple-Subject Analysis, and Advanced EEG Analysis. We provide a standardized procedure for preprocessing EEG data, guide readers through detailed examples on how to read data from multiple subjects, and delve into three popular analysis methodologies.

This article advocates for the neurodiversity paradigm as a crucial framework in brain and behavioral sciences, challenging the deficit-focused medical model. It emphasizes the recognition of neurocognitive variances—such as autism, ADHD, and dyslexia—as natural human diversity, urging a shift in research and practice towards valuing neurodivergent strengths and promoting inclusivity. The authors call for an integrated approach in research, policy, and societal attitudes to celebrate all forms of cognitive functioning as part of human advancement.

High-density neural recordings with superior spatiotemporal resolution are powerful in unveiling cellular-scale neural communication for cutting-edge neuroscience discoveries and applications. The number of channels in both electrodes and chips has grown from a few to thousands or even tens of thousands in recent decades. By bridging the breakthroughs between electrodes and chips, more evolutionary tools for brain-wide recordings will be boosted at a fast pace.

This comprehensive review introduces the transformative role of transformer-based models in neuroscience, neurology, and psychiatry. It discusses how these models, originally designed for sequential data analysis, have evolved to effectively analyze complex biomedical data, significantly enhancing our understanding of brain functions and dysfunctions.

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 extends beyond respiratory effects. It may invade the brain through diverse pathways, affecting cognitive functions via both immune and nonimmune mechanisms. Its infection initiates a cascade of effects disrupting the intricate inflammatory network in the central nervous system, exacerbating disease progression.