Brain-X Science
Brain-X Science,
founded in October 2022, is composed of over 500 researchers in brain, neuroscience, and neurology and sponsored by Ainuohui Medical Technology. Functioning as an academic community, Brain-X Science is dedicated to promoting brain, neuroscience, and neurology's research worldwide. Its main goals are to support relevant researchers...
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About the Journal
Brain-X
is a peer-reviewed, online open access journal that publishes the cutting-edge discoveries and technologies works providing novel insights into all aspects of brain, neuroscience and neurology.
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We cordially invite you to submit manuscripts to Brain-X . The Article Publication Charge is waived for accepted manuscripts from 2023-2025 .
Articles
Development of a plasma biomarker diagnostic model as a screening strategy for Alzheimer's disease in older inpatients
- 28 May 2025
Graphical Abstract

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a challenge because of the invasive nature of the lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid and the high cost of positron emission tomography imaging barriers for their common use as biomarkers. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of blood-based neuro-markers in this advanced age group using an ultra-sensitive Single Molecule Array (SiMoA) platform. This simplified diagnostic model may offers a feasible approach for AD screening in both clinical and community-based settings.
From digitized whole‐slide histology images to biomarker discovery: A protocol for handcrafted feature analysis in brain cancer pathology
- 28 May 2025
Graphical Abstract

This protocol comprises seven steps: problem definition, data quality control, image preprocessing, feature extraction, feature filtering, modeling, and performance analysis. We present a standardized, handcrafted feature–based protocol for processing and analyzing whole-slide histology images, guiding readers through a detailed example of how to leverage digitized WSIs for biomarker discovery and validating the model's generalization performance in an external validation cohort.
Advancing brain tumor diagnosis: Deep siamese convolutional neural network as a superior model for MRI classification
- 25 April 2025
Graphical Abstract

This study aims to address the challenges in brain tumor classification by leveraging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to optimize diagnostic accuracy. Five classification models, namely machine learning, pre-trained deep learning, convolutional neural network (CNN), hyperparameter-tuned deep CNN, and deep siamese CNN (DeepSCNN), were evaluated. The high precision and robustness establish this model as a new benchmark in neuro-oncology diagnostics, facilitating more timely and accurate brain tumor identification for improved patient outcomes.
Brain–computer interfaces in 2023–2024
- 31 March 2025
Graphical Abstract

Research on invasive and non-invasive brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) is developing rapidly, especially in the field of medicine. This article reviews BCI software, hardware, related neural mechanisms, and clinical applications. The principles of invasive and non-invasive BCI differ; however, it is widely used in various scenarios. Based on different brain functional areas, a variety of cutting-edge clinical applications could be derived in future.
Small‐world network and neuroscience
- 31 March 2025
Graphical Abstract

Small-world networks, with a high degree of clustering and a small characteristic path length, are the universal nature of the human brain network. This review summarizes trends in small-world networks for different neurological and psychiatric disorders, with the brain network topology analysis in treating and diagnosing mental and neurological disorders.
Defensin: The immune system regulatory factor against peripheral nerve disease
- 31 March 2025
Graphical Abstract

Peripheral nerve disease is a common disorder that can lead to sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction, with common symptoms including pain, loss of sensation, lack of coordination, muscle weakness, and atrophy. Defensins (which can be divided into mammal, insect, and plant defensins), as regulatory factors of the immune system, can influence peripheral nerve diseases by participating in inflammatory processes, immune responses, and pathogen resistance. As therapeutic targets, they have the potential to restore the quality of life of patients and reduce the healthcare burden.
From uncertainty and entropy to coherence and consciousness
- 31 March 2025
Graphical Abstract

This study proposes a model of consciousness based on information theory, positing contra the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) that perception arises from uncertainty minimization (negative entropy). Unlike the causal information definition of IIT, this model adopts the framework of standard information theory, emphasizing the role of quantum coherence in consciousness and offering a new perspective for understanding the computational mechanisms of consciousness.
Advances in brain computer interface for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis communication
- 30 March 2025
Graphical Abstract

This review explores brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) to address amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) communication barriers. Recent advances include implantable electrocorticographic systems that enable high-accuracy (90%–99%) speech synthesis via adaptive algorithms (convolutional neural and long short-term memory networks), and non-invasive electroencephalography integrated with eye-tracking/functional near-infrared spectroscopy. By enhancing accessibility and reliability, BCIs restore independence and bridge communication gaps, transforming assistive communication technologies for ALS.
DeepSeek or ChatGPT: Can brain‐computer interfaces/brain‐inspired computing achieve leapfrog development with large AI models?
- 14 March 2025
Graphical Abstract

Large language models, including DeepSeek and ChatGPT, have the potential to significantly advance brain-computer interfaces and brain-inspired computing by enhancing the accuracy of brain signal decoding and optimizing user interaction. In brain-computer interfaces, these models facilitate more precise and responsive communication, while in brain-inspired computing, they enable realistic simulation of neural networks and improved hardware energy efficiency. However, substantial challenges remain, particularly in healthcare applications and other broader fields.
Cellular heterogeneity and inflammatory profiles in gliomas: Single‐cell transcriptomic insights
- 25 February 2025
Graphical Abstract

This study investigates the transcriptional profiles of gliomas across different grades (WHO II-IV) and clinical states (primary vs. recurrent). Utilizing RNA-seq data from public databases (e.g., GEO), we analyzed low-grade gliomas and high-grade gliomas, including oligodendrogliomas, glioblastomas, and other glioma subtypes. Key analyses encompassed differential gene expression, glioma subpopulation characterization (e.g., glioma-associated microglia/macrophages), regulatory network construction (WGCNA and transcription factor activity), and cell state analysis comparing primary and recurrent gliomas. Our findings reveal distinct transcriptional signatures and identify potential biomarkers associated with glioma progression and recurrence.
A comprehensive review of hydrogel strategies for repairing peripheral nerve injuries
-  8 February 2025
Graphical Abstract

This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental materials, functional designs, and application schemes of hydrogels for peripheral nerve repair. The hydrogels discussed here can be used to repair peripheral nerve injury, including filling the damaged area, transmitting electrical stimulation signals, and delivering therapeutic ingredients. The advances summarized in this review can guide the future direction of this biomaterial and provide a foundation for next-generation functionalized hydrogels.
VMD‐FBCCA classification method for SSVEP brain–computer interfaces
- 18 January 2025
Graphical Abstract

A steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) is a response to visual stimuli frequencies, but brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) struggle to distinguish it from spontaneous signals. This study proposes the variational mode decomposition–based filter bank canonical correlation analysis (VMD-FBCCA) algorithm to improve recognition accuracy by addressing overlapping frequency coverage between evoked and spontaneous electroencephalography signals. The algorithm has great prospects for developing improved BCI systems and offers a novel perspective for SSVEP-BCI research. Future research should enhance the robustness of the VMD-FBCCA algorithm and apply it to the development of SSVEP-BCI systems.
Dynamic real‐time 3D roadmap: A navigational tool for endovascular recanalization in chronic intracranial arterial occlusion
- 31 December 2024
Graphical Abstract

The optimal treatment for chronic intracranial arterial occlusion remains uncertain, with endovascular recanalization presenting significant challenges. Accurate assessment of the distal vascular bed during the procedure is critical for success. This paper introduces a technique utilizing dynamic real-time three-dimensional roadmap guidance, which reduces radiation exposure, contrast medium usage, and procedure-related complications such as vessel perforation or dissection. The dynamic 3D roadmap offers a safe, accurate, and effective tool for endovascular recanalization in chronic intracranial arterial occlusion.
Occupational therapy‐based rehabilitation of sciatic nerve pain
- 26 December 2024
Graphical Abstract

Sciatica is a severe pain that radiates from the back to the hip and outer side of the leg caused by compression of the sciatic nerve. However, traditional treatments can be invasive and costly and may not provide long-term relief. Occupational therapy offers a promising alternative. This article explores occupational therapy-based assessments, interventions, outcomes, progress tracking, pharmacotherapy, challenges owing to surgical approaches, and devices for sciatic pain rehabilitation. Future research could focus on developing and validating new assessment tools and outcome measures specific to sciatica, enabling more accurate evaluation and progress monitoring.
The glymphatic system: A new insight into the understanding of neurological diseases
- 23 December 2024
Graphical Abstract

This review highlights the glymphatic system's role in clearing CNS metabolic waste, involving key structures such as AQP4 channels and meningeal lymphatic vessels. It examines how sleep, arterial pulsation, aging, and drugs affect glymphatic function. It also connects glymphatic dysfunction with neurological diseases such as stroke and hydrocephalus and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Moreover, it discusses diagnostic biomarkers, such as enlarged perivascular spaces (PVS) and DTI-ALPS, and emerging treatments, including exercise, 40 Hz multisensory stimulation, lymphaticovenular anastomosis, and targeted drug delivery. These insights offer new avenues for diagnosing and treating CNS diseases.
Advanced flexible brain‐computer interfaces and devices for the exploration of neural dynamics
- 12 December 2024
Graphical Abstract

This perspective paper discusses how the development of flexible neural interfaces and devices can overcome the limitations of traditional neurotechnology and could revolutionize investigations into neural principles behind intelligence, consciousness, and behavior. Innovations in material science and device/system-level integrations further extend research capabilities to free-behaving animals, enabling profound insights into neurocognitive functions. Advances in artificial intelligence and brain organoids promise future decoding of complex neural signals. The development of transient materials and devices will provide the foundation for deploying next-generation neurotechnologies in clinics, aiming to treat complex neurogenic diseases and improve neurorehabilitation.
Oxidative stress in hydrocephalus: A new potential therapeutic target
- 11 December 2024
Graphical Abstract

This paper reviews the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in hydrocephalus, including the causes of oxidative stress, related signaling pathways, and pathological changes from oxidative stress. This paper aims to discuss the possibility of oxidative stress as a new target for hydrocephalus treatment; thus it details antioxidants with potential for future hydrocephalus research.
Research progress and applications of optoelectronic synaptic devices based on 2D materials
- 20 October 2024
Graphical Abstract

The inherent properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials make them ideal for use in artificial optoelectronic synaptic devices. This review explores synaptic devices based on 2D materials and examines their potential applications in image recognition, neuromorphic wearable electronic devices, logical operations and neuromorphic computing systems.
Mechanosensitive Piezo channels and their potential roles in peripheral auditory perception
- 20 October 2024
Brain perfusion alterations in patients and survivors of COVID‐19 infection using arterial spin labeling: A systematic review
- 20 October 2024
Graphical Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and long COVID can result in changes in brain perfusion, which may contribute to impaired cognition and hindered recovery. Arterial spin labeling (ASL), as a non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging technique, proves useful for investigating the effects of COVID-19 on cerebral function. This review emphasizes that both COVID-19 and long COVID may induce alterations in brain perfusion.
Microbiome‐gut‐brain axis as a novel hotspot in depression
- 19 October 2024
Graphical Abstract

The microbiota-gut-brain axis serves as a critical link among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. In response to stress, cortisol levels are modulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which in turn influences immune cell activity and gut permeability. The intestinal microbiota engages with the brain through various pathways. The endocrine pathway affects the central nervous system via intestinal endocrine cells and microbial metabolites. Additionally, intestinal epithelial cells secrete immune cytokines and tryptophan metabolites that impact brain structure and function through the blood-brain barrier.
Promoting the welfare of animals utilized in neuroscience research
- 19 October 2024
Graphical Abstract

This review addresses welfare issues through the 3Rs: refining experimental conditions, reducing animal usage, and replacing animals with alternative methods, and systematically examines the main kinds of model animals in neuroscience. Their current status is concisely summarized, representing a thoughtful and comprehensive consideration of the welfare aspects.
Posttranslational modifications in retinal degeneration diseases: An update on the molecular basis and treatment
- 15 October 2024
Reconstructing continuous language from brain signals measured by fMRI based brain‐computer interface
- 8 October 2024
More articles
The following is a list of the most cited articles based on citations published in the last three years, according to CrossRef.
Nanomedicines for Alzheimer's disease: Therapies based on pathological mechanisms
- 28 July 2023