High calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels cause central sensitization, which may be associated with the overactivation of glial cells and various pain receptors. CGRP induces MAPK14 activation and nitric oxide (NO) secretion on the surface of neurogliocytes, and the produced NO stimulates CGRP secretion through the N-type calcium channel. CGRP increases N -methyl-d-aspartate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

To evaluate how external stimulation of brain regions affects the brain state, our study used the exact controllability theory to determine potential targets and applied a whole-brain dynamic model via virtual stimulation to promote the transformation of the brain state from early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) to health. The findings reveal the underlying brain mechanisms of cognitive decline in patients with EMCI, which could help in designing more effective therapeutic interventions.

This survey provides a comprehensive review of the development and application for Transformers in brain sciences. It covers eight widely concerned brain science scenarios to provide vital details and discussions for the latest Transformer researches. By exploring the current challenges and potential research directions, it would be expected to provide a convenient reference for researchers in related fields.

This paper describes the role of inflammation in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Inflammation affects SNHL primarily via cochlear immunity, microcirculation, vasospasm, and glutamate metabolism, often accompanied by immune cell infiltration, altered blood flow, ischemic damage, and synaptic injury. A comprehensive anti-inflammatory approach is undesirable, and studying inflammation-related mechanisms will aid the search for potential targets in SNHL.

In contrast to existing studies that focus on the correlations between brain regions, our study is based on the high-order edge network and innovated to explore the correlation between brain region pairs from the perspective of space and time, search for new biomarkers, and explore the pathogenesis of early mild cognitive impairment, which is conducive to delaying its development to Alzheimer's disease and promoting medical developments.

This review provides an extensive overview of the recent advancements in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-targeted biomaterials tailored for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment, emphasizing their ability to effectively clean excessive ROS, modulate inflammation, and reduce secondary injuries. The review also showcases their potential for future translational research involving SCI clinical therapies, which will enable the ongoing enhancement and optimization of these biomaterials to benefit individuals with SCIs.

Advanced cancer patients often develop brain metastases, but their molecular and immunological features remain poorly understood due to challenges in biopsy. This perspective highlights recent advances in immune landscape profiling of brain metastases, with an emphasis on tumor-reactive T cells, and summarizes innovative technologies for tracking tumor dynamics and designing targeted therapies.

This review discusses the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the accelerated bone regeneration seen in individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), emphasizing the importance of the nuanced interplay between TBIs and the bone remodeling process.

The integration of ChatGPT into the domains of learning and memory holds the potential to transform the entire field of education. This article explores the potential positive and negative effects of increased engagement with artificial intelligence, offering strategies for optimizing its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks, and highlights areas that can benefit from further research. In this way, it seeks to ensure that ChatGPT operates as an adjunctive educational tool that complements human cognitive processes without damaging them.

A single brain region state dynamics model was developed to simulate blood oxygen level-dependent signals of a patient with early mild cognitive impairment. Multiple complex network centralities were comprehensively considered to locate the intervention targets, and a multi-brain collaborative control scheme was designed and verified at the brain region and subnetwork levels.

The present review details how nanomedicines can treat AD by overcoming the abnormal aggregation of Aβ and Tau, reducing neuronal apoptosis, alleviating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal regeneration.

This paper proposes a tribo-ferro-optoelectronic neuromorphic transistor with multimodal synaptic plasticity by combining a triboelectric nanogenerator and a two-dimensional ferroelectric α-In₂ Se₃ transistor. The device enables associative learning and Boolean logic through the synergy of mechanical displacement, ferroelectric polarization, and light illumination.

Transformers play an essential role in the brain tumor segmentation of MRI images, the MRI- and histopathology-based grading of brain cancer, brain tumor molecular expression prediction, the classification of primary brain metastasis sites, voxel-level dose and brain tumor radiotherapy outcome prediction, synergistic prediction, and the pathway deconvolution of drug combinations. This review aimed to discuss the increasing applications of Transformers in real-time brain tumor detection and therapy, indicating their broad prospects and potential.

Mediation effect analysis revealed that the fMRI imaging multivariate features of the inferior frontal gyrus as well as the posterior cingulate gyrus developed with age in children aged 2–8  years, resulting in higher phonological processing and speeded naming scores in children.

This paper aims to develop a set of three-dimensional (3D) printing approaches to fabricate customized full-scale human brain models for surgery training as well as specialized brain patches for wound healing after surgery. Brain patches with complex geometries can be directly printed in a stimuli-responsive yield-stress support bath, while full-scale human brain models are created by an inverse fabrication strategy.