This review summarizes and classifies the research in recent years and introduces the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment methods of depression. The study of the principles of musical interventions for depression and the practice of musical interventions for depression with various etiologies are highlighted. It is hoped to introduce the progress of depression research and the prospect of music therapy.

This perspective paper introduces the importance of peripheral sensory nerve regeneration in bone healing, a cutting-edge direction in bone tissue engineering. By summarizing the latest knowledge in sensory nerve-bone interplay and the recent advances in biomaterial design for innervated bone tissue regeneration, this paper proposes critical guides for future bone engineering biomaterial design.

This article discusses the advancements in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from both pharmacological and non-pharmacological perspectives. It elaborates on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. In summary, the article documents five pharmaceutical treatment methods and five cutting-edge non-pharmacological treatment methods.

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), one of the most severe complications of sepsis, presents with diverse clinical symptoms and involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms, making its early diagnosis and targeted treatment challenging. Its pathogenesis primarily arises from inflammation-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier, aberrant activation and dysfunction of cells, and disturbances in neurotransmitter transmission. Leveraging these pathological insights, integrating biomarkers with existing diagnostic modalities, and targeting core mechanisms hold promise for achieving precise diagnosis and treatment of SAE.

This handbook comprises four chapters: Preprocessing Single-Subject Data, Basic Python Data Operations, Multiple-Subject Analysis, and Advanced EEG Analysis. We provide a standardized procedure for preprocessing EEG data, guide readers through detailed examples on how to read data from multiple subjects, and delve into three popular analysis methodologies.

This article advocates for the neurodiversity paradigm as a crucial framework in brain and behavioral sciences, challenging the deficit-focused medical model. It emphasizes the recognition of neurocognitive variances—such as autism, ADHD, and dyslexia—as natural human diversity, urging a shift in research and practice towards valuing neurodivergent strengths and promoting inclusivity. The authors call for an integrated approach in research, policy, and societal attitudes to celebrate all forms of cognitive functioning as part of human advancement.

High-density neural recordings with superior spatiotemporal resolution are powerful in unveiling cellular-scale neural communication for cutting-edge neuroscience discoveries and applications. The number of channels in both electrodes and chips has grown from a few to thousands or even tens of thousands in recent decades. By bridging the breakthroughs between electrodes and chips, more evolutionary tools for brain-wide recordings will be boosted at a fast pace.

This comprehensive review introduces the transformative role of transformer-based models in neuroscience, neurology, and psychiatry. It discusses how these models, originally designed for sequential data analysis, have evolved to effectively analyze complex biomedical data, significantly enhancing our understanding of brain functions and dysfunctions.

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 extends beyond respiratory effects. It may invade the brain through diverse pathways, affecting cognitive functions via both immune and nonimmune mechanisms. Its infection initiates a cascade of effects disrupting the intricate inflammatory network in the central nervous system, exacerbating disease progression.

A hybrid brain–computer interface (BCI) combining electroencephalography (EEG) with electromyography (EMG) can be effectively utilized to leverage the advantages of the stable predictive power of EEG and the direct correlation of EMG with braking actions for recognizing emergency braking intention from normal driving and soft braking. In this study, four different fusion strategies based on the spectral band and spectral point features were attempted from the perspective of the feature and classifier level. Offline and pseudo-online experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Illustration of brain-inspired AI-driven scientific research: predicting new information, discovering novel therapies, and designing new materials.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are rising globally, notably due to an aging population, and current therapeutic options are limited despite extensive research. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to cognitive decline in NDs, and certain antidiabetic drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and metformin, show potential neuroprotective effects beyond their primary use. This review explores the neuroprotective capabilities of these antidiabetic drugs, investigating mechanisms such as reducing protein aggregation and oxidative stress and concludes with an overview of clinical trials evaluating these drugs for treating ND.

High calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels cause central sensitization, which may be associated with the overactivation of glial cells and various pain receptors. CGRP induces MAPK14 activation and nitric oxide (NO) secretion on the surface of neurogliocytes, and the produced NO stimulates CGRP secretion through the N-type calcium channel. CGRP increases N -methyl-d-aspartate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

To evaluate how external stimulation of brain regions affects the brain state, our study used the exact controllability theory to determine potential targets and applied a whole-brain dynamic model via virtual stimulation to promote the transformation of the brain state from early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) to health. The findings reveal the underlying brain mechanisms of cognitive decline in patients with EMCI, which could help in designing more effective therapeutic interventions.

This survey provides a comprehensive review of the development and application for Transformers in brain sciences. It covers eight widely concerned brain science scenarios to provide vital details and discussions for the latest Transformer researches. By exploring the current challenges and potential research directions, it would be expected to provide a convenient reference for researchers in related fields.

This paper describes the role of inflammation in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Inflammation affects SNHL primarily via cochlear immunity, microcirculation, vasospasm, and glutamate metabolism, often accompanied by immune cell infiltration, altered blood flow, ischemic damage, and synaptic injury. A comprehensive anti-inflammatory approach is undesirable, and studying inflammation-related mechanisms will aid the search for potential targets in SNHL.

In contrast to existing studies that focus on the correlations between brain regions, our study is based on the high-order edge network and innovated to explore the correlation between brain region pairs from the perspective of space and time, search for new biomarkers, and explore the pathogenesis of early mild cognitive impairment, which is conducive to delaying its development to Alzheimer's disease and promoting medical developments.

This review provides an extensive overview of the recent advancements in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-targeted biomaterials tailored for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment, emphasizing their ability to effectively clean excessive ROS, modulate inflammation, and reduce secondary injuries. The review also showcases their potential for future translational research involving SCI clinical therapies, which will enable the ongoing enhancement and optimization of these biomaterials to benefit individuals with SCIs.

Advanced cancer patients often develop brain metastases, but their molecular and immunological features remain poorly understood due to challenges in biopsy. This perspective highlights recent advances in immune landscape profiling of brain metastases, with an emphasis on tumor-reactive T cells, and summarizes innovative technologies for tracking tumor dynamics and designing targeted therapies.

This review discusses the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the accelerated bone regeneration seen in individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), emphasizing the importance of the nuanced interplay between TBIs and the bone remodeling process.

The integration of ChatGPT into the domains of learning and memory holds the potential to transform the entire field of education. This article explores the potential positive and negative effects of increased engagement with artificial intelligence, offering strategies for optimizing its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks, and highlights areas that can benefit from further research. In this way, it seeks to ensure that ChatGPT operates as an adjunctive educational tool that complements human cognitive processes without damaging them.

A single brain region state dynamics model was developed to simulate blood oxygen level-dependent signals of a patient with early mild cognitive impairment. Multiple complex network centralities were comprehensively considered to locate the intervention targets, and a multi-brain collaborative control scheme was designed and verified at the brain region and subnetwork levels.

The present review details how nanomedicines can treat AD by overcoming the abnormal aggregation of Aβ and Tau, reducing neuronal apoptosis, alleviating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal regeneration.

This paper proposes a tribo-ferro-optoelectronic neuromorphic transistor with multimodal synaptic plasticity by combining a triboelectric nanogenerator and a two-dimensional ferroelectric α-In₂ Se₃ transistor. The device enables associative learning and Boolean logic through the synergy of mechanical displacement, ferroelectric polarization, and light illumination.

Transformers play an essential role in the brain tumor segmentation of MRI images, the MRI- and histopathology-based grading of brain cancer, brain tumor molecular expression prediction, the classification of primary brain metastasis sites, voxel-level dose and brain tumor radiotherapy outcome prediction, synergistic prediction, and the pathway deconvolution of drug combinations. This review aimed to discuss the increasing applications of Transformers in real-time brain tumor detection and therapy, indicating their broad prospects and potential.

Mediation effect analysis revealed that the fMRI imaging multivariate features of the inferior frontal gyrus as well as the posterior cingulate gyrus developed with age in children aged 2–8  years, resulting in higher phonological processing and speeded naming scores in children.

This paper aims to develop a set of three-dimensional (3D) printing approaches to fabricate customized full-scale human brain models for surgery training as well as specialized brain patches for wound healing after surgery. Brain patches with complex geometries can be directly printed in a stimuli-responsive yield-stress support bath, while full-scale human brain models are created by an inverse fabrication strategy.